Saturday, November 30, 2019

Wittgenstein Essay Example For Students

Wittgenstein Essay Why did Wittgenstein come to call the propositions of his Tractatus â€Å"senseless†(6.54)?The conclusions and final philosophical position of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus undermine and deny the possibility of his methods and objectives. Namely he concludes that metaphysical conjecture and the attempt to answer unanswerable questions is senseless. Since the Tractatus throughout posits solutions to the questions of reality, the meaningfulness of language and the possibility of human knowledge it has to all intents contradicted itself and rendered itself a senseless philosophical aberration. This is not to say however that it has become useless or invalid as a philosophical investigation. The aim of the Tractatus is to show â€Å"the only strictly correct method† of philosophy, which conversely destroys the orthodox remit of philosophy. As many of his contemporaries believed, Wittgenstein saw philosophy as been cluttered by a jumble of groundless metaphysical construct s, entities proposed to exist only to provide a foundation for various theories. The logical positivists, the Vienna Circle and an assortment of schools of philosophical thought saw these as the main stumbling block to obtaining the progress of philosophy. Wittgenstein uses the Tractatus to eliminate these entities from philosophy by showing that their creation is illegitimate and senseless. This is underlying intention and reason why he comes to make this claim (6.54). We must also understand the strategic reason why he does this, how this claim is used to develop an instructive picture of his method. Finally as we shall see although this conclusion is reached to undermine metaphysical philosophical investigation it is vital to the coherence and the credibility of the final step (denying the validity of this type of metaphysical method) that the logical processes of the Tractatus are valid. Why within the context of the Tractatus’s investigation is Wittgenstein led to this d enial and how does it technically fit into what he has said?Wittgenstein compares the Tractatus to a ladder that must be climbed, only to be thrown away once it is used. The Tractatus is supposed to show us the error of traditional forms of philosophical enquiry and provide an example of how if philosophical problems are addressed in the correct, rigorous manner they are not solved but dissolved. This is the motivation and the object of such a statement. It is vital to understand what Wittgenstein is trying to achieve and to understand the larger vision of what is being shown. Once this understanding is reached such a preposterous claim as 6.54 can make perfect sense. Of course whether this project was a success or not or whether it is even comprehensible is open to debate, but we must understand how Wittgenstein comes to this conclusion in such a way as to prove what he claims to be unprovable. We will write a custom essay on Wittgenstein specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There is a symmetry and form to the Tractatus which is not coincidence. Each elucidation relates to others in such a way that the work is best viewed as an organic whole, not a progressive argument that uses certain premises to argue from a basis towards a conclusion. Wittgenstein is not a foundationalist philosopher establishing arguments and assertions on which to construct a system or theory. Wittgenstein’s objectives are implicit in every elucidation (or at least collection of elucidations). Wittgenstein does not attempt to develop a concrete argument to demark the limits of philosophy, knowledge and what we may speak of. Instead he demonstrates through the description of logical theory of representation how these boundaries are overstepped and hence where they lie. This aptly mirrors the essence one of Wittgenstein’s central ideas, that the form of representation (the way logical form is shared between representation and what is represented) cannot be described or said but only shown. Wittgenstein is trying to show that we cannot talk of what we cannot know and that to do so is senseless. Realising that it is self-contradictory to attempt to prove this he instead shows it. Wittgenstein does not as such come to the view that all the propositions of the Tractatus are senseless but rather leads us there progressively; the idea that the propositions are senseless is however there throughout, an inherent part of the work. It is stated explicitly at the end to clarify what has been inbuilt all along and to tie the project together. The circularity of the Tractatus is entirely deliberate, Wittgenstein begins by stating that †The world is everything that is the case† and his penultimate proposition is the one that is at hand claiming the senselessness of all that has been written. He starts by stating what can be said and after 70 pages or so of elucidation returns to this by stating what cannot sensibly be said- namely anything that is n ot the world and hence not the case, i.e. the contents of the Tractatus. Was the Tractatus to contemplate any other question of philosophy it would fail to say anything with any guarantee or certainty. To be entirely accurate it does fail to say anything with any guarantee and in doing so proves it’s initial premise. To dismiss his own work as senseless may first seem strange but when seen in this light, as an integral part of a demonstration in a work that consists of interrelated and interdependent facts, it becomes coherent. .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210 , .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210 .postImageUrl , .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210 , .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210:hover , .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210:visited , .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210:active { border:0!important; } .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210:active , .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210 .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u829125a34acbd12c6fa7551620f42210:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Seeing with a New Pair of Eyes EssayI would venture though that his last remark, matrix 7, the only matrix to stand alone, is a different case. The reason it has no elucidation is precisely because it is an evident fact (in the view of Wittgenstein) that we cannot speak of what we cannot know. To elucidate further would be to explore into the realms of metaphysics, to vainly attempt to discover something of which we cannot speak and to find the unfathomable reasons for this. To do so would be to step into the realm of what Kant describes (and dismisses) as â€Å"transcendental reality† the impossible position of viewing the world from without in an overview that is distinct from ones own point of perception. As it was to Kant (albeit for different reasons), to Wittgenstein this is a paradoxical idea and the attempt to do so is the very folly which leads us to many of the mistakes of metaphysics. Hence this is merely a statement of what can be known, unsullied by investigation, which is the only way it can retain its validity. Of course, as with the rest of the Tractatus, this phrase echoes with the thought of the all the other matrices in the work. The point has already been demonstrated but demonstrated though negation, marking the boundries of human knowledge Wittgenstein has over stepped them. This detached phrase is the positive affirmation of what has been proved, the valid conclusion to all that has been said before but unencumbered by the impossible and misleading burden of proof. Wittgenstein does not come to this statement at random merely because it happens to suit his purpose. Within the investigative structure of the Tractatus stat ement 6.54 is a logical if not inevitable result. As has been said the Tractatus consists of series of statements or elucidations which clarify Wittgenstein’s arguments. These elucidations are broken into seven sections each one containing an integral argument or position. The further statements in each section (other than the seventh) serve to expand, refine and reiterate these positions. In this way the argument develops whilst always being interlinked. â€Å"The world is everything that is the case†(1) Wittgenstein is here saying what there is that can be pictured. He expands this to explain that what is the case are â€Å"facts, not things†(1.1). It is the arrangements of things that are facts and the objects of picturing. These facts are independent and can be non existent or existent. This brings him to the concept of â€Å"atomic facts†. These are the building blocks of existence- the facts that exist and hence constitute reality- â€Å"What is th e case, the fact, is the existence of atomic facts†(2). These atomic facts are combinations of objects(2.01) and are objects are linked together within these facts(2.03) and the form of this combination is structure(2.033). In perceiving we make ourselves pictures of facts(2.1) and these pictures are a model of reality(2.12) Here Wittgenstein is saying that our pictures share the structure of reality, the structure in which objects form facts. This is the form of representation. –â€Å"the possibility that the things are combined with one another as are the elements of the picture†(2.51). This is how what we perceive is linked with reality. The crucial statement is that â€Å"the picture cannot place itself outside of it’s form of representation†(2.174) That is to say that the picture must share the form of what it represents and cannot represent it’s form of representation.. Regardless of how we look at them we will be unable to see what mak es these alike. The principle that a form of representation cannot be represented in the sense of described, only represented in the sense of shown, is very important as it is this premise that leads to statement (6.53). For a proposition to represent of itself would lead to paradox, such as Russell’s barber paradox. It is this picture which we have in our minds so â€Å"the logical picture of the facts is the thought†(3). When this thought is â€Å"expressed perceptibly through the senses† we have a proposition represented through a â€Å"propositional sign†. This is elucidated throughout the third section and leads to the statement that â€Å"The thought is the significant proposition.†(4). This progression essentially describes these pictures as having logical form which can be is the basis of the sense of thoughts and propositions and how they can communicate something new to us. They all share a logical form that can convey meaning to us. Logi cal form is the state of affairs in logical space that is, rightly or wrongly, represented by logical pictures. Wittgenstein also discusses in detail how this affects logic and language, what roles names have in language and their relation to propositions and the nature of tautology and contradictions. His investigations into this area are quite involved. For this reason it will be beyond the scope of this essay (and the scope of its author) to assess them properly. However it is enough to recognize that Wittgensteinhas found with the bounds of logic that the limits can only be dicovered from without as all logic leads to tautology and â€Å"all propositions of logic say the same thing.That is, nothing.†(5.43) Furthermore language limits the world to being â€Å"my world†, the world of the I. For this reason it is impossible to assert that â€Å"this and this there is in the world, that there is not. This would require one to step outside the limits of this personal w orld. Hence it is that when we talk of metaphysical issues or doubt the existence of the world that we are addressing questions without answeres and thus meaningless questions. It is also why the propositions of the Tractatus are senseless. It is precisely because the actual argument can lead to this conclusion in this way that Wittgenstein is able step outside his argument whilst retaining it’s relevance. This technical aspect is critical to the overall coherence of his work. .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56 , .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56 .postImageUrl , .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56 , .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56:hover , .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56:visited , .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56:active { border:0!important; } .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56:active , .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56 .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f588ee14f83be6afd6f80a4a820bb56:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Know the structure of education from early years to post EssayWittgenstein’s argument’s are not without fault. They are idiosyncratic in both content and presentation as well as deeply involved and complex. Therefore there are many subtleties which have not been fully investigated or understood (certainly not in this essay but maybe not by anyone). Some of the statements appear to be contradictory and many appear to be insufficiently justified. However when read as a whole and the implications of each claim seems to support the others and the work seems to become axiomatic. None more so than the final claim that to speak of areas of ‘knowledge’ t hat we can have no justification of is invalid. This is proved by the action of logical proof and the refutation of that logical proof on it’s own grounds. The argument shows the â€Å"strictly correct method† of philosophy and the limits of Kenny, A-The Wittgenstein Reader,-(Oxford,Blackwell,1994)Bibliography:

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Free Essays on Job In The Early Ages

People are becoming more mature and open-minded. Parents are being more considerate and they are letting their kids grow in every way. Also parents feel that it is time for their kids to start on their own at a certain age. Students should have jobs while they are still in school because they want to become independent and they want to be ready for what the future has prepared for them. An independent person is someone who doesn’t need to rely on someone else economically. For example, they don’t need the help from their parents or the government. It is hard to become an independent person. First, they need to have a well-paying job that covers all of their needs. Moreover, they need to learn how to save money or how to invest their money in a useful way. Lastly, they need to know that to become an independent person takes a lot of work, dedication, and preparation. Nowadays students are focusing more on what the future has prepared for them. It is good that they start preparing themselves economically, for when they start their career and start a new life, they’ll have something to start off with. Most of the students want to have a perfect life, but for that they need to start proving their capabilities and the way they manage themselves at school, so that they can be ready for the future. In conclusion, it is a very good idea that students start preparing themselves for the future while they are still in school. In this way, they can become more responsible and make themselves complete the task that they set for themselves to do. It is very enjoyable to see students enthusiastic about getting jobs and starting a new life doing what they like to do while they are in school.... Free Essays on Job In The Early Ages Free Essays on Job In The Early Ages People are becoming more mature and open-minded. Parents are being more considerate and they are letting their kids grow in every way. Also parents feel that it is time for their kids to start on their own at a certain age. Students should have jobs while they are still in school because they want to become independent and they want to be ready for what the future has prepared for them. An independent person is someone who doesn’t need to rely on someone else economically. For example, they don’t need the help from their parents or the government. It is hard to become an independent person. First, they need to have a well-paying job that covers all of their needs. Moreover, they need to learn how to save money or how to invest their money in a useful way. Lastly, they need to know that to become an independent person takes a lot of work, dedication, and preparation. Nowadays students are focusing more on what the future has prepared for them. It is good that they start preparing themselves economically, for when they start their career and start a new life, they’ll have something to start off with. Most of the students want to have a perfect life, but for that they need to start proving their capabilities and the way they manage themselves at school, so that they can be ready for the future. In conclusion, it is a very good idea that students start preparing themselves for the future while they are still in school. In this way, they can become more responsible and make themselves complete the task that they set for themselves to do. It is very enjoyable to see students enthusiastic about getting jobs and starting a new life doing what they like to do while they are in school....

Friday, November 22, 2019

LITTLE Surname Meaning and Origin

LITTLE Surname Meaning and Origin Little is a common  descriptive  surname often bestowed on someone who was of short or petite stature,  from the Middle English littel  and  Old English lytel, meaning little. In some cases the surname may have been used to denote the younger of two men of the same name.  KLEIN is the German variant and PETIT the French variant. Alternate Surname Spellings:  LITTLE, LITEL, LITTELL, LITTLE, LYTEL, LYTELL, LYTTELLE, LITTELLE, LYTLE, LYTTLE Surname Origin: English   Where in the World Do People with the LITTLE Surname Live? According to surname distribution data from Forebears, Little is a fairly common surname in most English-speaking countries, including the United States (where it ranks 276th), New Zealand (243rd), Australia (262nd), Scotland (256th), England (331st) and Canada (357th). Within England, Little is most common in the northern counties, especially Cumberland where it is the 11th most common last name. WorldNames PublicProfiler  indicates that in the United Kingdom,  Little is  most common in Cumbria County, England; Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland; and  Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. Within North America, Little is especially common in Nova Scotia, as well as the U.S. states of North Carolina and Mississippi.   Famous People with the LITTLE Last Name Lewis Henry Little - American  Civil War Confederate brigadier generalMalcolm Little - birth name of Malcolm X, African-American human rights activist  Arthur Dehon Little - American chemical engineerJean Little - Canadian writer Genealogy Resources for the Surname LITTLE Little Surname DNA ProjectThis DNA project was started in 2001 and has grown to include over 300 members with the surnames Little, Klein, Kline, or Cline interested in working collaboratively to combine genealogy research with DNA testing to sort out Little family lines. English Surname Meanings and OriginsUncover the meaning of your English last name with this guide to English surname meanings and origins. How to Research English  AncestryLearn how to research your English family tree with this guide to genealogical records in England and Wales, including birth, marriage, death, census, military and church records. Little Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Little  family crest or coat of arms for the Little surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   LITTLE  Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Little surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Little genealogy query. FamilySearch - LITTLE GenealogyExplore over 2.7 million  historical records which mention individuals with the Little surname, as well as online Little family trees on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Little  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Little surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. DistantCousin.com - LITTLE  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Little. The Little  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Little  from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Discription of my research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discription of my - Research Paper Example On the basis of this context, the research will intend to concentrate on the withdrawal of drug consumption of people in order to make them socially responsible. The research is based on understanding the role played by rehabilitation centers in order to recover the individuals who are addicted with drugs. The research will help to gain significant understanding about the challenges that are faced by the drug users while retreating from using drugs. Furthermore, the research will also provide a significant knowledge regarding the reasons for drug consumption and possible negative impacts of it in the life of people. Throughout the research, learning can be gained regarding the method of therapy for drug users. It will help to recognize the best practices that can help to completely eradicate the usage of drug and to become a responsible societal member. There are several organizational benefits related with the research. The research will help to assist the people who are suffering from drug addiction. Besides, involvement in the rehabilitation program can help to gain significant experience about the characteristics of drug users. As a result, it can support the employees in the rehabilitation center regarding the method of dealing with the drug users and the method of treatment. The research will be a five step process. At first, review will be conducted through critical study regarding the subject or related topics. The literature review will be intended to gain basic theoretical knowledge about the research subject. After conducting a comprehensive literature review, primary data will be collected through questionnaire survey method in order to understand the behavior and the characteristics of the drug users. In the third phase, the collected data will be analyzed in order to generate detailed understanding of the research problem. The outcome of data analysis will be presented in the fourth phase to depict the

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

In an age of heightened threats to national security, it should be Essay - 1

In an age of heightened threats to national security, it should be open to the Government to detain suspected terrorists for an indefinite period of time withou - Essay Example However, the blurring of the distinction between the need to legislate for immigration on the one hand and protection from terrorism on the other is further perpetuated by the patchwork of piecemeal immigration legislation in the UK. On the other side of the legal spectrum, the implementation of the Human Rights Act in 1998 (HRA) enshrines the fundamental rights and freedoms of the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law. From an immigration policy perspective, the most important rights relied on in immigration cases have been the Article 5 right, which prohibits detention without trial and the right not to be subjected to degrading treatment under Article 3. Additionally, Article 14 guarantees rights under the ECHR. However, on the other side of the spectrum it has been submitted that the heightened threat to national security necessarily renders it permissible for Governments to detain suspects for an indefinite period of time without charge or trial. Conversely, it has been argued that whilst sufficient measures for national security protection are vital, absolute executive autonomy over detention of suspects without trial or charge clearly raises constitutional issues and human rights issues. Indeed on the one hand, the fundamental freedoms under Article 5 of the ECHR in respect of detention are essential to the function of the UK as a democracy. On the other hand, the reliance on the ECHR rights through the HRA 1998 arguably undermines immigration rules and legislation, which enables the UK immigration system to be exploited vis-à  -vis asylum seekers in international conventions1. However, it is precisely this paradox within the law that enables the changing Governmental policy from circumventing both entrenched immigration and asylum rules and human rights protection on grounds of â€Å"national security†2. This is particularly evidenced by the implementation of the controversial Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (ACTSA),

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Making Case Teaching Essay Example for Free

Making Case Teaching Essay Audrey Edwards’ essay â€Å"Making the Case for Teaching our Boys to†¦ ‘Bring Me Home a Black Girl’† explains the ideas and reasons behind the need to impress upon black men the importance of marrying within the race. It presents a strongly ethnocentric view of the marital situation, citing this as an important step in the preservation of the black race and culture. The essay considers the influence of the media over the minds of black people, identifying the dominance of its white images. It identifies areas in which this influence has led to the erosion of the black family and community through interracial marriages that dilute the black-content of the unions’ offspring. The essay also cites examples of successful and educated members of the African American community that adhere to the idea of marrying within the race as a method of fortifying it financially and ensuring its continued prosperity. In making these points, Edwards uses a number of discursive techniques to strengthen her argument and make her case more understandable and cogent to her audience. The subject of the essay is the marital choices of black men of this era. The author seeks to make a point that black men should choose marital partners from within the black race. Audrey Edwards begins by demonstrating with clarity how she has impressed it upon her step-son that marrying a black woman is the way to please her. She expresses the opinion that the training up of the black man should include lessons on how to marry just as much as it includes lessons on attitude. She writes that it is a â€Å"mothers role in imparting to male children whats expected when it comes to marriage† (Edwards, par. 3). Her idea is that active parenting should be able to combat the problem currently being faced of black men marrying outside of the race. With constant authoritative reminders of what is expected of them regarding marriage, it is the author’s opinion that parents can inculcate in black people’s minds how unthinkable it should be to engage in inter-racial marriage. The audience to which this essay is directed is a predominantly black one. It directly comprises black fathers and mothers as well as black sons, as Edwards considers that â€Å"the issue might be addressed by something as simple and basic as child rearing† (par. 4). The essay, therefore, speaks to these parents on how to go about letting their sons know precisely where to go to choose a mate. It also seeks to convince those black parents who need convincing that they should take a stand in promoting black marriage within their households and communities. Yet the essay’s audience is also indirectly made up of yet-to-be married black men and women who have the potential to be produce and rear the next generation of black children. These potential parents have the opportunity to make right and wrong choices concerning their mates. The author desires to focus their attention on black members of the opposite sex and to deter them from choosing outside their race. Finally, the author’s message is intended to be filtered down even to small children, as she seeks to promote the bombardment of these children with positive images of black persons within homes and other places where they spend their time. The persona of the essay is its author who, as a black woman, has witnessed the migration of black men from the black race and their gravitation toward white women as life partners. This she has considered to be an affront to black women in general and specifically to herself, who has no ammunition against an Anglo-centric media that promotes white women as beautiful and black women as the opposite. This persona takes the point of view also of a mother, who considers it her responsibility to contribute to the reversal of this problem by teaching her son values that would deter him from acting in the same way toward black women. The purpose of the essay is to provide cogent arguments to persons of authority that would induce them to promote the purity of the black race and dissuade black men from marrying outside of the race. Edwards’ describes the essay as one that seeks to promote the adage, â€Å"Bring me home a black girl,† as one that has become somewhat of a commandment in the black community. She writes, â€Å"Its one of those commandments Ugo has heard from me most of his life, right up there with ‘Dont do drugs,’ ‘Finish school’ and ‘Use a condom’ (Edwards, par. 2). The article is meant to convince parents and authority figures that they have to be clear to young black men regarding what is required of them. Edwards continues, â€Å"Oh, we may ask vague, cursory questions about the women they bring home: Can she cook? What work does she do? Who are her people? But rarely do we come right out and make the case for marrying Black† (par. 4). The author’s purpose is to change this by becoming open and vocal about the necessity to maintain the sanctity of the ethnocentric union. The ethos of this particular piece derives from the persona of the author as a mother and professional. However, the author also draws upon the testimonials of several other successful, educated, and well-respected persons within the Black community who share her views. She gains testimonies from such persons as professors, successful Black business owners, and media personnel. One such testimonial that increases the ethical appeal of the argument comes from a professor at Howard University (Maxwell Manning), who strengthens the ethos of Edwards’ case by citing academic and anthropological ideas that favor her case. The logos or logical appeal of the essay can be found in Edwards’ use of examples and credible statistics collected by the U. S. Census Bureau to demonstrate precisely how the marriage of black men to white women has been eroding the Black community. She records that â€Å"the number of Black men marrying White women has increased tenfold in the last 40 years, up from 25,000 in 1960 to 268,000 today. Thats more than double the number of Black women who marry White men† (Edwards, par. 5). The logos of this is to be found in the fact that any thinking person that reads this would be able to understand the precise implications of this phenomenon. More black women are left with no one to marry when higher levels of black men than women seek partners outside the race. Edwards also uses such data to indicate the early age at which black children start becoming affected by the media in such a way that is detrimental to their self image. She writes, â€Å"But according to experts, by age 7, Black children have already been bombarded by media images that can negatively shape how they view themselves and the partners youd think they would naturally be drawn to† (par. 12). Her reference to the testimony of experts lends logical credibility to her ideas and makes them more convincing. One authoritative testimony comes from the professor Maxwell Manning from Howard University. Edwards quotes him as saying, â€Å"If you look at strong cultures, like the Jews, youll find they have a high rate of marrying within their group. Thats how they remain strong† (Edwards, par. 9). This idea strengthens the ethos of the case for marrying within the Black community as a method of preserving its strength. Edwards also cites the magazine publisher and his wife who â€Å"made it clear to [their] boys that they were not to bring home any White girls† (par. 3). Another authoritative testimony comes from Valerie Williams, a marketing executive who thinks it undesirable for her son to marry someone who considers him inferior (par 16). The testimony above by Maxwell Manning also takes the form of an analogy. Here, a comparison is drawn between the effort to reduce intermarriage in the Black community and the efforts at keeping the Jewish community untainted and strong. This comparison is made for the sake of presenting the case for black ethnocentrism as having as much credibility as that which is enjoyed by the Jewish community. It also helps in pointing out the legitimacy, importance and non-racist aspect of lobbying for the preservation of the Black race. The essay by Audrey Edwards exists for the purpose of defending the promotion of black men marrying black women. The author identifies the problem that exists in which black women are denied marriage partners because black men frequently turn to white women. The impact of this, which the author presents, weighs heavily on the future of the black race. With racial intermarriage comes mixed-race children; and the more of these that take place, the fewer black children will be present to perpetuate the black race. The author uses several devices to make her point. She utilizes ethical components and logical arguments, as well as analogies and authoritative testimonials in order to make her case a cogent one. Work Cited Edwards, Audrey. â€Å"Making the Case for Teaching our Boys to†¦ ‘Bring Me Home a Black Girl. ’† Essence. November, 2002. Available: http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1264/is_7_33/ai_94384284/pg_1

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Validation of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder :: Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD

The intention of this study is to validate the issue of PTSD which some have attempted to discredit as a medical condition. To achieve this, the magnitude and incidence rate of the condition requires robust evidence. This study is taking secondary data from the Vietnam Veterans National Readjustment Survey (NVVRS) and developing the analysis further. The technique employed here is Meta analysis which is more typically used for quantitative literature applications. In any analysis of secondary data it is crucial to consider the incidence rates of mental health issues among those who fought in Vietnam. It is also important to differentiate factors between the time periods of their lives before they joined the military, while they served in the military and their lives after they left the forces. It is central to what we are trying to achieve to identify those who might be at high risk of developing PTSD, as people will react in differing ways to different stimuli such as distr essing events or stressful circumstances. Population and Sample The data sample used for this study will be substantial due to the amount of information collected on post traumatic stress disorder. Samples were drawn from the nationwide probability sample of the NVVRS study. The first sample included 479,000 males Vietnam veterans (15.2 % of the total) who met the criteria for current post traumatic stress disorder. The second sample included 7,200 female Vietnam veterans with a current prevalence rate of 8.5%. The third set of samples included 350,000 Vietnam veterans of both genders, with 11.1% male and 7.8% female partial PTSD incidence rates. The last set of samples showed 30.6% of male Vietnam veteran and 26.9% of female veterans who met the criteria for developing PTSD (Kulka et al. 1990). Due to significant time constraints and limited access to information, a decision was made to use a Meta-Analysis. The Meta-Analysis provides a systematic evaluation of the quantitative analysis, which combines and summarizes several different studies. This method offers control over the data analysis, and by using statistical software, it addresses related hypotheses for delivery of precision in the use of codes. The main aim and focus of the Meta-Analysis in this research involves clearly identifying the problem and researching the literature for primary or representative studies. This approach allows for the creation of an appropriate data set for the evaluation, coding and analysis of the data in order to produce a valid analysis of the results.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Communication Styles Worksheet Essay

You spent the past few days exploring the resources available to students at University of Phoenix, and you want to share what you learned with a friend who is interested in enrolling.  Write a 150- to 200-word e-mail to your friend summarizing the resources available to students. Hi,  I wanted to follow up with you on the conversation we had last night about you attending University of Phoenix. There are many resource’s available to help you with reaching your goals. To start there is the CWE (Center for Writing Excellence). It has a wealth of information and guides to help you with grammar and writing. There is also the program Riverpoint Writer which will actually take your information and turn into a well formatted paper. It will even help with quotes and references and turn them into properly formatted citations. The University also has the plagiarism checker which will review your papers and help you to avoid plagiarism. Last but certainly not least there is WritePoint. When you finish writing your papers and before you turn them in you can send them to Write Point. This is just like having your very own proofreader available any time day or night. The program will actually add suggestions to your paper to let you know what needs to be fixed or help you make changes to have them sound better. All of these programs are available to all students starting the day you enroll. Hope this helps in you decision! You asked your facilitator to review your e-mail draft. She liked what you wrote and asked you to write a summary to post in the class forum for the other students to read.  Write a 150- to 200-word summary for your class of the resources available to students. Remember to write using an academic tone. The University of Phoenix has many resources available to students to help be successful in continuing their education. For example the Center for writing excellence (CWE) is found in the University’s online library. This is a tool that helps students become better writers. It has many programs such as Plagarisism Checker which will review your writing for any possible palgarisism and guarantee you turn in original work. There is also WritePoint which will review your writing and give feedback on how to improve your paper. Riverpoint writer is another good tool to help students learn to format in the APA style. Another useful program is the Center for Mathematics Excellence which is also found in the online library. This program has many tutorials, videos, and practice problems to help students become more comfortable with mathematics. There is also the building mathematics confidence which students can use to become reacquainted with math before starting their first mathematics class.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Marketing Plan: Maybelline’s New Perfume

Marketing Plan: Maybelline’s new perfume The University of Sheffield Marketing Management (MTG 2410) Blagoy Savov (BS11124) 21 August 2012 Abstract L'Oreal’s Maybelline, a global, mass market cosmetic manufacturer, has decided to develop and market a new fragrance for women. This report includes research, analysis and evaluation of the market environment for female fragrances. Furthermore, it outlines a marketing strategy for the new product which describes the marketing mix to be used by Maybelline in order to sell its new product addition to the target market.Introduction The fragrance market is a very competitive one with large companies having a global presence and well established images and brands. This market is also very profitable and ever growing with signs of great potential. Maybelline is one of L'Oreal’s brands and is well known worldwide for its value based cosmetics products.Now Maybelline is entering the fragrance market with a new female perfume and this report describes how it will take on this challenge. The first part of the report introduces L'Oreal, which is Maybelline’s mother company, its vision and company profile including its financial success. Maybelline falls under L'Oreal’s Consumer Products Division, which offers mass-market products. The report continues by presenting an environmental analysis of the market as well as a competitive analysis. There are three main players in the industry, which represent 24. 5% of the global market in the face of Coty Inc. Maybelline’s mother company L'Oreal, and Procter & Gamble. The first part of the report concludes with a SWOT analysis of the Maybelline, which indicates that the strengths and opportunities outweigh the weaknesses and threats. Based on the market analysis, the second part of the report proposes a target market for the new female fragrance product and a specific marketing mix in order to successfully reach its customers. The company L'Ore al L’Oreal is one of the largest cosmetics companies in the world, producing and marketing a range of make-up, perfume, hair and skin care products in over 130 countries.The company is headquartered in Clichy, France and employs about 68,900 people worldwide in a total of 41 factories. With 613 registered patents in 2011 the company earned 20. 3 billion EURO of sales in that year and currently has a brand portfolio of 27 international brands (L'Oreal 2011). For more than a 100 years L'Oreal has devoted its efforts in the business of beauty. Its mission is to enable all individuals to express their personalities, gain self-confidence and open up to others by offering the best cosmetics innovation in terms of quality, efficacy and safety.The company pushes the boundaries of innovation by heavily investing in research in order to explore new territories and invent new products (L'Oreal 2012). Wrapping up another year of financial growth, in 2011 Company Responsibility (2005 â₠¬â€œ 2011) – Reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 29. 8% – Reduced waste generated by 24. 2% – Reduced water consumption by 22. 6% – 95. 7% of waste is reused, recycled or used for energy production – Reduced total energy consumption by 6. % for 2010/2011 Company Profile – A century of expertise in cosmetics – â‚ ¬20,3 billion sales in 2011 – 27 global brands – 130 countries – 68 900 employees – 613 patents filed in 2011. L'Oreal grew faster than the worldwide cosmetics market and confirmed its position as the world leader in beauty. The company also heavily invests in being socially, ethically and environmentally responsible to ensure a sustainable growth in the long-term. Compared to 2005 the organization significantly reduced its gas emissions, generated waste and water consumption and invested in research in order to foster sustainable innovation.Maybelline As described in the journal by Aaker and Joa chimsthaler (2000) brand architecture is a structure that organizes the company’s brand portfolio and specifies the brand roles and the relationship between them. Coherent brand architecture provides tools to: ? ? ? permit brands to stretch across products and markets, resolve conflicting brand strategy needs, preserve brand-building resources by leveraging existing brand equity, protect brands from being diluted by over-stretching, and signal a new and different offeringAs outlined in the journal by Harish (2008), L'Oreal’s brand architecture is organized around 27 international brands, which are clustered in separate business divisions, each of which focuses on a specific target market. As illustrated in Table 1, L'Oreal’s business is structured under three divisions (Consumer Products Division, Luxury Products Division and Professional Products Division), one department (Active Cosmetics Department) and an ethical cosmetics brand (The Body Shop). L'Oreal†™s brand architecture, showing brands, positioning and sales channels. Consumer Products Luxury Products Profess.Products Active Cosmetics The Body ShopMajor international umbrella brands: L'Oreal Paris Garnier Maybeline New York SoftSheen Carson Le Club des Createurs de Beute (LCCB) Lancome Biotherm Helena Rubinstein Kiehl’s Shu Uemure Perfumes: Giorgio Armani Ralph Lauren Cacharel Victor and Rolf Diesel Positioning: Quality products at affordable prices for the masses Up-market luxury products for discerning consumers Specialist products for use by professional hair stylists and salon professionals Sales Channels: Mass market retail outlets in the case of L'Oreal Paris, Garnier, Maybelline and SoftSheen CarsonDirect marketing for LCCB High-end international department stores, travel retail outlets, brands’ own boutiques and perfumeries Hair stylists and salon professionals Pharmacies and specialist retailers Predominantly through body Shop’s exclusive retail chain Cosmeceuticals with proven safety and effectiveness; backed by pharmacists and dermatologists Ethical cosmetics for socially and environmentally conscious consumers L'Oreal Professionnel Kerastase RedKen 5th Avenue NYC Matrix Mizani Vichy La Roche – Possay Inneov SkinCeuticals Sanoflore The Body Shop Table 1 Within the Consumer Products Division, L'Oreal Paris is the premium brand while Garnier and Maybelline New York are the neighbouring aspirational brands. The company offers these distinct brands in order to satisfy different target groups and avoid losing customers to a competitor (Harish, 2008). L'Oreal’s goal is to make Maybelline a leading global mass-market brand. This brand is sold in about 127 countries and makes up over 45% of the total revenues.Maybelline is positioned to be the leader of massmarket cosmetics targeted at women between the age of 15 and 49 at a reasonable price and it successfully promotes the â€Å"urban American chic† image a cross the globe. Maybelline includes five ranges of products – face, eyes, lips, nails and tools. Each range includes several lines and there are individual products with unique brands under each line. As per Harish (2008) the products of the Maybelline group are mainly promoted through TV advertising and brand ambassadors like the supermodels Christy Turlington and Adriana Lima. Since 1915, the brand has been empowering women everywhere with the impactful slogan â€Å"Maybe she is born with it. Maybe it’s Maybelline. Today Maybelline New York is the leading makeup brand worldwide, which combines technologically advanced cosmetics with trendy expertise to create accessible products with a spirited style that empower women to make a statement by exploring new tools, experimenting without risk, and flaunting their own artistry (L'Oreal, 2012). L'Oreal has a licensing agreement with five different fragrance brands, which complement the firm’s wide spectrum of prod uct offerings. As described in Table 1 these brands fall under the Luxury Products Division, target discerning consumers and are sold in high-end department stores, travel outlets and boutiques. L'Oreal is now developing a completely new perfume under its own Maybelline product line. Environmental Analysis Market AnalysisThe fragrance market experienced a steady growth in sales in the period between 2006 and 2011. Furthermore the overall market growth is expected to accelerate in the next five year period. In 2010 the global fragrance market generated total revenues of $36. 3 billion resulting in a compound annual growth rate of 4. 2% for the period spanning 2006 – 2010 shown in Figure 1 (Datamonitor Global, 2011). Global fragrances market volume: million units 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 4. 2 3. 1 5. 6 7 6 5 3. 9 4 3 2 $ million % growth 15000 10000 5000 0 2006 2007 2008 Figure 1 1 0 2009 2010 Consumption volume in the fragrance market increased with a compound annual grow th of 4. % between 2006 and 2010 resulting in 1. 3 billion units in 2010. By the end of 2015 the consumption volume is expected to rise to 1. 6 billion units. As shown in Figure 2 female fragrances showed the highest sales numbers generating $23. 1 billion of revenues in 2010, equivalent to 63. 8% of the market’s overall value (Datamonitor Global, 2011). Global fragrances market segmentation by type: % share 5% 64% Female fragrance Male fragrance Unisex fragrance 31% Figure 2 The fragrance market segmentation is distributed between the three major continents.As shown in Figure 3 Europe leads the consumption of fragrances by 45. 1% followed by the Americas with 38. %, Asia-Pacific by 10. 5% and Africa and the Middle East by 6. 4% (Datamonitor Global, 2011). Global fragrance market segmentation by region: % share 6% 11% Europe Americas Asia-Pacific Affrica and Middle East 45% 38% Figure 3 Overall the current fragrance market condition and especially the sub-category of female f ragrances shows to be positive and creates opportunity for new product additions, which is an advantage for Maybelline’s idea to introduce a new perfume (Datamonitor Global, 2011). Market Environment In the book by Perreault et al (2011) it is described that when creating a new product the required marketing strategy planning process includes electing the best opportunities and developing a strategy that will provide superior value to the potential consumer and a competitive advantage to the company itself. In order to find the best opportunity and create a marketing strategy, the company has to analyze and evaluate the important elements of the marketing environment and the occurring trends. Perreault et al (2011) continues by stating that there are different forces that create the market environment. These forces include the direct marketing environment comprised of the customer, the company, and the competitors and the external market environment comprised of the economic, technological, political, legal, cultural and social aspects.In order to create the best marketing mix (product, place, promotion, price and personalization) for the new female fragrance of Maybelline, the marketing environment has to be analyzed. Economic Environment As per Perreault et al (2011) the economic environment refers to macro-economic factors, including economic growth, national income and inflation which affect the way consumers (individual customers? ) and businesses consume. Changes in the economy in general in certain industries or parts of the world could have an impact on the consumption. Technological Environment Technology uses the application of science to convert resources into output.In particular it affects marketing by creating opportunities for new products and new processes. Technological advances allow for better communication and promotion opportunities and it furthers globalization. It also provides for more effective and efficient ways of producing an d delivering products and services (Perreault et al, 2011). Political Environment The political environment of a country is affected by the attitudes and reactions of people, social critics, and the government. The political environment can affect selling opportunities at both local and international levels. In some markets nationalistic feelings can reduce or block marketing activities, which creates a challenge for companies (Perreault et al, 2011).Cultural and Social Environment These two factors have a significant impact on the marketing environment. The cultural and social environment affects the way people live and behave, which in turn affects their consumption behaviour as well as the economic, political, and legal environments. These factors consist of different variables including: language education religion style housing view on work, marriage and family The growth of the fragrance market is different across the various geographic zones depending on the economic conditio ns in that area. The consumption of perfume is largely dependent on demographics and lifestyle trends, in particular the importance of luxury and status.If a particular country is experiencing difficult economic conditions, usually the luxury products suffer the most, as they are not a needed product but rather a nice to have (ReportLinker, 2012). In contrast mass-market, value products are not as impacted by the economy. The US, with the highest market share of 33%,shows steady growth partly due to the fact that the country is coming out of the recession and into better economic conditions. The consumption of perfumes in Asia is relatively low, aside from Hong Kong and Singapore, due to the economic conditions and the perception of perfumes and heavy scents being used as a way to mask body odour.However, the growth potential in these demographics is immense, especially as Asian women are adhering to the Western trends in fashion and personal care, and are receptive to using well-kn own brands for building their self-image (ReportLinker, 2012). The penetration of private fragrance labels in China stands at the low 5%. Brand loyalty and higher levels of disposable income provide popularity for the European fragrance products. Suppliers are targeting the younger population in order to attract new customers, due to the changing age structures in the country. To this day, Chinese consumers favor specialty stores when shopping for fragrances, which is an important consideration for companies wanting to be successful in this market (ReportLinker, 2012). Competitive AnalysisPerreault et al (2011) defines the competitive environment as the number and types of competitors the company is facing and the way these competitors behave in the particular industry. There are four basic kinds of competitive market situations: Pure competition A market state where buyers and sellers trade a uniform commodity such as wheat, copper or financial securities and no single buyer or sel ler has much effect on the market price. In its pure form this market state eliminates the purpose of marketing research, product development, pricing, advertising and promotion. Oligopoly A market state with a few sellers who are highly sensitive and alert to each other’s marketing strategies and pricing.In this market it is difficult for new sellers to enter. Monopolistic competition A market state where many buyers and sellers trade over a range of prices, rather than a single market price. The range of prices occurs due to the fact that the sellers offer a differentiating factor of their product to the buyers. The differentiating factor can be achieved through segmenting, price fluctuations, branding, advertising, personal selling and other marketing tools. Pure Monopoly A market state where a single firm produces a product, for which there are no close substitutes and in which significant barriers to entry prevent other firms from entering the market to compete.The fragr ance market is definitely a monopolistic competition in which many vendors sell to many buyers and there is a range of prices based on differentiating factors created through segmenting, branding, advertising and other marketing tools. The global fragrance market is greatly fragmented with the top three selling companies accounting for 24. 5% of the market value. Most of the leading companies are either large manufacturers of personal care products or large fashion houses and are geographically diversified. As most companies operate large production facilities, fixed costs are high in this market the vast business diversification eases the competitive pressure.In conclusion the rivalry in the fragrance market is moderate. Shown in are the top three leading players in the fragrance market, which are Coty Inc. with 10. 2% share, L'Oreal S. A. with 7. 7% share and Procter & Gamble Company with 6. 6% share. The rest of the market is divided between much smaller fragrance vendors and acc ount for 75. 5% of the market (Datamonitor, 2011). Global Fragrance Market Share: % share, 2010 10% 8% 7% Coty Inc. L'Oreal S. A. Procter & Gamble Company Others 75% Figure 4 Coty Inc. Coty Inc. is a privately held company that manufactures and markets fragrances, color cosmetics, toiletries, skincare, sun care and personal care products.It is headquartered in New York City, employs more than 8,500 people and distributes its products to around 90 countries. The company distributes its products utilizing different channels including department stores, specialty retailers, upscale perfumeries, pharmacies, mass market retailers and duty free shops. The company recorded total revenues of $25. 8 billion in FY2010, an increase of 11. 6% over the previous year. Revenues from the fragrance product category for the company reached $2. 2 billion in FY2009. North America accounted for 32% of total revenues, whereas Europe as its largest ? geographical market accounts for 57% of the total reven ues in FY2010, Asia with 7% in FY2010 and the rest of the world with 4% in FY2010.L'Oreal Even though L'Oreal is the mother company of Maybelline it still needs to be considered as a competitor in a way since it does have five fragrance brands under its umbrella. These brands are placed under the Luxury Product Division and include Giorgio Armani, Ralph Lauren, Cacharel, Victor and Rolf, and Diesel. Procter & Gamble Company (P) P manufactures and markets consumer products with over 300 brands in over 180 countries. The company is headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio and employs about 129,000 people. The company offers its prestige fragrance products under its beauty division which recorded revenues of $20. 2 billion in FY2011, an increase of 3. 4% over the previous year. P earned 36. 9% of its revenues in the United States and 63. 1% internationally. SWOT Analysis of MaybellinePerrault et al (2011) describes SWOT analysis as a marketing tool used to create a marketing strategy which id entifies screening criteria (and identifies) and outlines the company’s strengths and weaknesses, and its opportunities and threats. The analysis has two categories: internal factors such as strengths and weaknesses, which analyze the company’s resources and abilities; external factors such as opportunities and threats, which are observed by analyzing the external market environment, customers, and competitors. This marketing tool helps the marketing department create a marketing strategy that takes advantage of the company’s strengths and opportunities while avoiding its weaknesses and threats.SWOT analysis is usually illustrated with a diagram consisting of four squares and each one of them summarizes the company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Maybelline’s SWOT analysis is illustrated in Figure 5. Helpful Harmful Strengths ? Owned by the biggest cosmetics company in the world Solid financial backing Distributed in 127 countri es Leader in mass-market beauty products ? ? Established image Established production and distribution infrastructureWeaknesses Lack of expertise in manufacturing fragrances Product division completely focused on females Lack of expertise in producing natural and organic products Internal Opportunities Growing presence in emerging markets (Asia, South America) Natural and organic fragrances Men’s fragrances   Threats Counterfeit of fragrances Established strong competition Weak economic conditions worldwide External ? ? Figure 5 Strengths Maybelline enjoys a few significant strengths when it comes to its entry into the female fragrance market. One of them is the fact that Maybelline is owned by the biggest cosmetics company in the world in the name of L'Oreal, which has a solid financial foundation, an established image and existing production facilities and distribution channels. Maybelline itself has strengths in terms of its already established image and worldwide presen ce in the mass-market of beauty products. WeaknessesThe most significant weakness of Maybelline is the fact that it has no realistic expertise in developing and manufacturing fragrances and specifically female perfumes. The brand is well known for making and selling makeup, but the fragrance industry poses its own unique challenges. Maybelline’s complete product set is targeted only towards female’s including their research and marketing departments. This is considered a weakness since the men’s fragrance segment of the market is (still) emerging, which is outlined in the opportunities section of this paper. Another opportunity, which Maybelline is not ready for is the emerging segment of natural and organic products, which makes it a weakness for the company.The production of natural fragrances requires investment in research and development and different know-how and expertise, which Maybelline has not fully developed. Opportunities By the year 2020 countries in Asia and South America (emerging market) may represent more than 50% of the total cosmetics market, which directly affects the fragrance portion of the market. Currently, people living in emerging countries consume fewer cosmetics products than the rest of the world (Western Europe, North America, Japan, etc. ), but as their GDP is increasing, the consumption level should increase accordingly creating a great potential for penetration (Marketline, 2012). This presents a serious opportunity for Maybelline to offer its new fragrance in these demographics. Threats According to Global Insight Inc. 2007) and research performed by the Global AntiCounterfeiting Group, counterfeit perfumes and cosmetics cost the industry 3. 0 billion EURO annually in lost revenue and 555 million EURO in lost profit. The effects of counterfeiting include loss of profit, reduced investment and innovation, and an overall slowing down of the economy as a result of lost jobs and reduced tax revenues. Counterf eiting poses one of the biggest threats to Maybelline and its plans to introduce a new female fragrance on the market. Another threat is the long-time established competition in the female fragrance market including stable companies with an established image. This makes it difficult for Maybelline to penetrate the market with yet another new product.Currently, the global economy in general is struggling and especially in some European countries and the United States. As fragrances and cosmetics in general are not a ‘need’ but rather a ‘want’ product, the effects of lower income and higher unemployment rates are posing a threat to this industry and Maybelline itself. SWOT Conclusion By performing a SWOT analysis for the opportunity for Maybelline to introduce a new female fragrance into the market, it becomes apparent that the strengths and opportunities outweigh the weaknesses and threats. An already established company such as Maybelline is more than halfw ay of creating and marketing a new fragrance regardless of its inexperience with this specific product type.The struggling global economy and counterfeit products are challenges that every fragrance company faces, still this industry is strong and has the potential for growth. Market Strategy Perrault et al (2011) describes that to plan a marketing strategy is to find attractive opportunities and develop a profitable marketing strategyThere are two interrelated parts to a marketing strategy and they are the target market and the marketing mix. As defined in this book, a target market is a fairly similar group of potential customers to whom the company wishes to appeal. A marketing mix is the controllable variables the company puts together to satisfy this target group.These variables include the characteristics of the product, the place where the product will be sold, the price the Figure 6 product will be offered at and the promotion that would be used to market it. As illustrated in Figure 6 at the centre of the marketing mix is of course the target customer. Perrault et al (2011) states that the customer is placed in the center of the diagram to show that the customer is the target of all the marketing efforts. Target Market Currently, Maybelline targets women between the ages of 15 and 49 in more than 127 countries worldwide. Based on this wide market the new fragrance being introduced will be targeted to a narrower target, which is women between the ages of 18 and 34 living in Europe.Although as outlined earlier in this report, the men’s fragrance market is rapidly growing and has great potential, Maybelline offers products only to the female part of the population and has an already Figure 7 established image as such a brand. The new perfume brand will follow that image and target females only. The decision to initially introduce the product in Europe only is based on the fact that this is the strongest market for fragrances. If the product succee ds in this market its reach can be expanded to North America and even Asia. Furthering the definition of the target market, Maybelline will focus its marketing efforts on women between ages of 18 and 34 that are either single or freshly married with little or no children, have an active lifestyle and are young professionals. The target market is summarized in Figure 7. Marketing MixAs described in the book by Perrault et al (2011) the marketing mix specifies the details of the new product being developed and includes four P’s (product, place, price and promotion).1. The first P for Product may involve a physical good (a perfume in our case), a service, or a blend of both as well as its branding, packaging, and warranties. The basic idea is that the product has to satisfy a specific customer need.2. The second P is for Place, which defines how the product will reach its customer when and where it is needed. This includes the distribution channels used for getting the product s old.3. The third P is for Promotion and it describes the way the product will be marketed or sold to the customer, which includes advertising and public relations.4. The fourth P is for Price and specifies the amount of money a customer has to pay to acquire the product. When setting the price, the producer must account for the competition in the target market and the cost of producing and marketing the product. Based on the marketing principles and the research described above in this document a marketing mix for Maybelline’s new female fragrance follows. Product Name Maybelline’s new perfume will be called DENI which is an abbreviation for Desire, Exquisite, Natural and Intimate. The name describes what the perfume stands for. When a woman wears the DENI fragrance, she is desired, the scent is exquisite, the product is natural and the connection with it is intimate.Scent The scent of the perfume will be light and fresh, to be worn by females with an active lifestyle when going to work or being active. It is meant for everyday use and does not intrude, since the individual wearing it will be around people interacting. The perfume will only be available in Eau de Parfum spray since it is the lighter and more affordable version of the original scent. Ingredients An increasing trend in the market is the demand for natural products; therefore the DENI perfume will be made out of natural ingredients. This will possibly raise the production cost but compensate with a differentiating factor and the increasing demand for such products. Packaging DENI will be offered only in a 50ml glass bottle, which is compact and utilizing a screw on cap.The bottle design is meant for being carried in a small purse or a bag without the possibility of the cap coming off and being sprayed inside. To keep with the company’s green ideology, the bottle utilizes an aluminum removable pump, which can be separated from the glass bottle before disposal, so the glass bot tle can be easily recycled. The bottles are packaged in a cardboard box made completely from recycled paper and painted with natural paints. The bottle can also be returned to one of the stores where DENI is offered for a refill. Place DENI perfume will be manufactured at the current Maybelline plant located in North Little Rock, Arkansas.There will be an additional facility built for the manufacturing of the new perfume adjacent to the current massive factory. The administrative and transportation functions of the existing plant will be utilized for the new product as well as the distribution channels. DENI will be sold in Specialist Retailers, Department stores (including Duty-Free Shops), supermarkets and hypermarkets as it is a mass-market product with a low profit-margin. Price DENI will cost 38 EURO for the 50ml bottle to the final customer. The perfume is a mass-market product under L'Oreal’s Consumer Product Division and it is meant for everyday use and hence the pric e must be lower than the more luxurious products that the company itself offers as well as the competition.Table 2 shows a comparison of the prices for 50ml Eau de Parfum spray bottles of some of the bestselling perfumes on the market. For instance Chanel No. 5, as one of the best perfumes on the market costs nearly double compared to the price of an equivalent DENI bottle. The product however cannot be the cheapest since it has to be corresponding to L'Oreal’s image of offering high quality products. Perfume price comparison (EURO per 50 ml) 79 62 43 43 40 38 36 30 Table 2 Promotion Even if Maybelline creates the best product at the best price, no one would buy it if customers do not know about it. A very important part of the marketing strategy is the way the product will be introduced and advertised to the target market. As mentioned above, the target is women

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Blue Whale essays

Blue Whale essays Balaenoptera Musculus, or the blue whale, is the largest mammal in the world. This enormous mammal can grow to be 110 feet long and weigh as much as 190 tons. That's longer than two city buses and the total weight of 30 elephants. This giant is powered by a heart the size of a taxi-cab. The blue whale's of the Antarctic grow larger than those of the Northern Hemisphere. Also, the females tend to be slightly larger than the males of the same age. These mammals are bluish-gray in color, with some paler spots. Algae tends to accumulate on their bellies causing a yellowish or mustard color. It has a mottled appearance with a broad, flattened U-shaped head. Fifty to ninety throat grooves run from the mouth to the belly. Instead of teeth, blue whales have 270 to 400 black baleen plates on each side of their mouths. These plates are about forty inches long and twenty-two inches wide. The blue whale has a tiny, stubby dorsal fin set far back on its body. It has a 20 foot wide, s lightly notched, triangular flukes, which is propelled by an extremely thick tail stock. The flippers on this creature are long and slender, and are about one-seventh of the whale's body length. The blue whale's most prominent feature is its exceptionally fleshy splashgaurd, which surrounds the blowholes at the front and sides. This whale spouts a single slender jet that soars forty to fifty feet high. The blue whale has very poor eyesight, no sense of smell, and has no sense of taste. However, the blue whale does have well-developed senses of touch and hearing. This large mammal has a life span of about eighty years. At this time there is not too much known about the blue whale's behavior. Blowing and diving patterns vary according to the whale's activity. The blue whale blows every ten to twenty seconds for a total of two to six minutes, when relaxed, and then dives. They usually stay submerged for five to twenty minutes, but can stay und...

Monday, November 4, 2019

Case Study Analysis Of Job Sharing At Motorola †Free Samples

1.How does Motorola’s job sharing system fit with their business needs? 2.What particular needs do female employees face in work-life balance arrangements such as job sharing? 3.What are the advantages and disadvantages of job sharing to job sharers and their managers? 4.What cultural factors come into play in introducing job sharing into other organisations in an Australian context? 1. Motorola in order to remain competitive implement various work life balance practices which includes a job sharing system. A job sharing system requires the employees to work in a 12 hours shift for seven hours for seven days divided into four and three days a week. The full hour shift is divided into two employees equally. As mentioned in a case study Motorola plant operates 24 hours and 7 days a week, which means the work pressure is very high. Job sharing reduces the work burden on employees and helps them to remain productive throughout their work shift. This also enables the two individuals to work together and achieve the organizational goals effectively. It also creates loyal workers and helps the organization to retain talented and hardworking people who want more flexibility in their work hours due to personal commitment (Michael Page, 2016). The operators feel valued and satisfied at the workplace which directly increase their productivity and reduced the absenteeism ra te. It also prevents external recruitment and the cost associated with hiring and training new individual. Job sharing have enabled Motorola to operate 24 hours and 7 days with each employee committed to work efficiently to give them a competitive edge in the industry (Weinreb, 2011). 2. Job sharing for female employees is an appreciated arrangement in which they can effectively manage the work life balance but still there are certain issues female faces in work life arrangement. Female attrition rate is very high in organization due to the lack of flexibility in their workplace roles and responsibilities. When the work hours are reduced there are chances that the base pay will also get reduced accordingly. This directly affects their career development. In order to successfully carry out job sharing arrangement the availability of a job sharer is also very important. The job sharer should have same set of skills and abilities to complement the role of other employee. If it is not possible then the work performance gets affected. Women who perform night duty as a part of their job sharing may confront security issues and sexual harassment issues. The chances of performance appraisals also get reduced as the performance is measured as a team and not individually ( Richardson, 2009). Job share can mostly work in supportive roles; women who are into the role of senior level have to resume a full time responsibility or either compromise on their career (ACAS, 2011). Disadvantages to Job sharers and managers: 4. The successful implementation of job sharing arrangements depends a lot on Cultural factors of the country. While introducing Job sharing practices in Australia there are several factors that are to be kept in mind: Â  By taken into account these factors Job sharing can be introduced in Australian organization. Acas. (2011). Help & advice for employers and employees. Retrieved from https://www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=3568 on 4 May 2017. AIM. (2012). MANAGING IN A FLEXIBLE WORK ENVIRONMENT. Retrieved from https://www.wgea.gov.au/sites/default/files/AIM-Managing-in-a-Flexible-Work-Environment.pdf on 4 May 2017. Anderson, C. (2016). Why Flexible Work Is The Way Of The Future, And How Small Business Can Help. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2016/04/01/flexible-work-jobs_n_9579456.html on 4 May 2017. Crampton, S., Douglas, C., Hodge, J. & Mishra, J. (2003). Job Sharing: Challenges and Opportunities. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/10683863.pdf on 4 May 2017. Daniels, L. (2011). JOB SHARING AT SENIOR LEVEL: MAKING IT WORK. Retrieved from https://www.thejobshareproject.com/3434hjkv97fgb378fbv/jobsharefullreport.pdf on 4 May 2017. Michael Page. (2016). The benefits of job sharing. Retrieved from https://www.michaelpage.co.uk/advice/career-advice/making-your-next-career-move/benefits-job-sharing on 4 May 2017. Richardson, M. (2009). Making job share work: Australian women share their success secrets. Retrieved from https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj6uMLu1tXTAhWBQI8KHXeTBKEQFggtMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moirgroup.com.au%2F_literature_56452%2FMaking_job_share_work&usg=AFQjCNF7_NxEjodbJDqGfCm1aaumODrYhA on 4 May 2017. Weinreb, E. (2011). How Job Sharing May Be The Secret To Work-Life Balance. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/work-in-progress/2011/10/24/how-job-sharing-may-be-the-secret-to-work-life-balance/#83dc967129c1 on 4 May 2017.

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Sustainable Green Buildings Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sustainable Green Buildings - Research Proposal Example Additionally, congestion of buildings is a major phenomenon in the modern construction industry, as well as inefficient use of land especially in the urban areas. Completed modern structures are responsible for increased energy consumption, loss of productive agricultural land and soil erosion as a result of runoff. Communities living in these areas are exposed to increased stress resulting from congestion and polluted sewer systems. Indeed, little can be fancied about the modern buildings. The increased negativity in the building industry has prompted leaders in the business to seek measures to curb the problem. Buildings which are environmentally friendly that efficiently and sustainably use natural resources have been researched on. This new concept is referred to as green building, which seeks to solve the problems encountered by the construction business. Structures constructed in this manner are referred to as Sustainable Green Buildings RATIONALE FOR THE RESEARCH This paper lo oks at the concept of Sustainable Green Buildings, their advantages over the modern form of buildings, products used in construction of sustainable green buildings and how sustainable they are. It will seek to find how people perceive the idea and understand how many people are willing to invest in them. LITERATURE REVIEW Definition of Sustainable Green Buildings Sinha (93) defines green building as the effective and efficient use of materials and products which is directed at reducing the overall environmental impact of the building. Sustainable green buildings refer to housing and architectural structures that are constructed using environmental friendly and resources that ensure efficiency throughout the lifecycle of the building. Successful buildings should be durable, economical, offer comfort and fit for the intended use. The life cycle of a building begins at the sitting design, construction, operation and maintenance of the building, renovation and demolition of a structure. In sustainable buildings, the undertaking of all these processes is expected to be an environmental friendly exercise (Bauer et al. 7). To successfully achieve this, the various teams involved in all stages of the lifecycle of a building should be engaged. Different teams involved in the various stages in the construction of a building include the architectural team, structural designers, contractors, engineers and the client. Designers of green buildings built the concept on minimum disturbance of the topology and the landscape, use of non-toxic materials that are recycled and equally environmental friendly and those that use renewable energy sources. The efficiency use of water is emphasized, while natural sources of green energy such as solar and wind power are being exploited (Furr 56). Materials used in Construction of Sustainable Green Buildings Green products used in the construction industry necessarily do not have to be 100% green. Wood that has been treated with different toxic chemicals to make it durable cannot be referred to as a green product since it has health hazards among the people (Robeznieks 10). Different considerations are made when a product is classified as either green or not. Products that have been salvaged or recycled, such as the agricultural products are regarded as green products as it is economical to recycle products than producing new ones. Products which